Participation in the Classroom(课堂参与)

 Participation in the Classroom
    Taking part in the classroom is not only accepted but also  expected  of students  in  many courses. Some professors base part of the final grade on the student' s taking part in orally. Although there are formal lectures during which the student has a passive role (i. e. listening and taking notes), many courses are organized around classroom discussions, student questions, and informal lectures. In graduate seminars the professor has a "managing" role and the students make presentations and lead discussions. The students do the actual teaching in these seminars.
      A professor's teaching style is another factor that determines the degree and type of student participation. Some professors prefer to control discussion, while others prefer to guide the class without dominating it. Many professors encourage students to question and challenge their ideas. Students who make opinions that are different from the professor's point of view should be prepared to support their positions.
     In the teaching of science and mathematics, the dominant mode of instruction is generally traditional, with teachers presenting formal lectures and students taking notes. Howr, new educational trends have emerged in the humanities and social sciences in the past two decades. Students in education, sociology, and psychology classes, for example, are often required to solve problems in groups, design s,make presentations, and examine case studies. Since some college or university courses are " practical" rather than theoretical, they stress "doing" and engagement.

  课堂参与
    课堂参与对学生来说不仅是可以接受的，而且是他们所期望的，这在许多课程中都是如此。一些教授把学生课堂上做的口头发言作为期末成绩的一部分。尽管在一些正式的讲座中，学生扮演一个被动的角色(他们听讲、做笔记)，但在许多课程中，教师还是采用课堂讨论，学生提问和非正式演讲的形式。在研究生的讨论课上，教授扮演着“”角色，而由学生们发言并展开讨论。在这样的讨论课上，实际上是学生们在进行教学。
    一个教授的教学风格是决定学生参与形式和程度的另一个因素。一些教授喜欢控制讨论，而其他一些教授则喜欢引导学生讨论。许多教授鼓励学生对自己的观点提问并发出挑战。那些提出与教授相反意见的学生应该做好充分的准备来支持自己的论点。
    在理科和数学的教学中，传统的教学模式仍占地位，老师讲课，学生记笔记。然而在过去20年中，在人文科和社会科学的教学中出现了新的教学趋势。例如，学教育学、社会学和心理学的学生常被要求小组讨论解决问题、设计项目、作演讲、研究案例。  由于一些大学的课程是应用型的，而非理论型的，他们所强调的是“动手”和参与。